Home to 350 species of mammals, more than 500 birds, and 131 fish species, Zimbabwe is mostly grassland, but its mountains give way to tropical and hardwood forests. Genetic differentiation may also be driven, at least in part, by the genetic bottleneck and low number of founding individuals. A total of 42 samples were collected (25 from SVC; 10 from GNP; 7 from BVC; see S1 Table), and stored in 5 ml microtubes containing RNA stabilization solution kept at -20°C. Interestingly, extra-group paternity (mating outside the social structure) occurred in the Etosha population, which lead to reduced relatedness amongst individuals [55]. We amplified and genotyped all DNA samples twice, and samples that showed weak amplification three times. The fact that it is a well-run business is the reason why it is one of the greatest conservation successes in Africa, converting from cattle to wildlife in 1994 (only 22 years ago) and now hosting Zimbabwe’s largest contiguous lion population at one of the highest densities in Africa, as well as the third largest black rhino population in the world (after Kruger and Etosha). When lions had to be immobilized for de-snaring or radio-collaring, 2 ml of blood was drawn from the leg. Some of the causes of the dwindling population of the king of the jungle had been singled out as human-wildlife conflict fuelled by the growing human population, according to the research. According to IUCN research, there were 200,000 lions in the wild just 25 years ago. STRUCTURE 2.3.4 [36] was used to test for possible genetic clustering amongst the lion populations. Indeed, we confirmed the loss of allelic richness and low levels of heterozygosity [51–53]. Spatial genetic analysis using Bayesian methods suggested a weak genetic structure within the population and high levels of gene flow across the study area. The 1992 Zimbabwe Hunters Association hunting report in note 7 has the following –“It is feared that, as a result of the foot and mouth deboning regulations, the hyena populations are on the increase due to an improved food source round the camps, and this in turn may threaten the lion population” and ask “for an increase in the number of hyena in the bag”. The trophy hunting of lions Panthera leo is contentious due to uncertainty concerning conservation impacts and because of highly polarised opinions about the practice. Not surprisingly, an increasing number of species are adversely affected and show signs of negative population growth. News Media Gets Facts Wrong on Zimbabwe Lion Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190369, Editor: Wolfgang Arthofer, University of Innsbruck, AUSTRIA, Received: September 20, 2017; Accepted: December 13, 2017; Published: February 7, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190369.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190369.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190369.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190369.s004. The SVC population returned a value of 2.28, GNP lions 2.84, and the BVC population 3.29. According to UK-based charity Lion Aid, trophy hunters in Zimbabwe killed around 800 lions in the 10 years to 2009, out of a population in the country of up to 1,680. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190369, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en, http://nrfnexus.nrf.ac.za/handle/20.500.11892/85096, http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html, https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/32419/Thesis_Laura_Bertola.pdf?sequence=17. Injury resulting from darting is very rare, and always minor, although dart wounds are routinely cleaned and flushed with antibiotics as a precaution. Our data confirm losses of alleles and shifts in the distribution of allele frequencies at neutral loci, which is known to be a result of population bottlenecks [66]. The population of the Cape wild dogs to be found in Hwange is thought to be of one of the larger surviving groups in Africa today, along with that of Kruger National Park and Selous Game Reserve. CLUMPAK was used to combine the outputs from all the iterations [39]. “The research was done in 2012 and when it was realised that the population of lions in Africa was drastically declining, August 10 was set aside as the day for commemorations starting last year. The nearby Bubye Valley Conservancy contains a population of 500–550 lions, which originated from 13 translocated individuals. On average, 3.5 alleles per locus are present in the SVC lions, while expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity are 0.41 and 0.38 respectively across all the loci. Prior to the establishment of the SVC as a wildlife conservancy in 1992, when the area was still used for cattle ranching, lion numbers were reduced to approximately 5 to 10 individuals.
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